Ashkale Advia wa Jamid advia (Forms of drug )

 

Ashkale Advia (Forms of drug)

Most substances with drug potential are not suitable for use in their natural forms. Hence crude drugs are processed to purify, detoxify, and their natural forms are modified to make them administrable. Naturally available single drugs (Advia mufrida) are modified in several forms by artificial compounding (Tarkeeb -e- -Sana’yi). These forms of drugs are named on their state, shape, size, action, use, and mode of application.

Based on consistency, drugs are divided into four major groups: Jamid (Solid), Neem Jamid (viscus), Saiyal (Liquid); and Bukhari (Gaseous).

Forms of Solid drugs: Habb (Pills), Qurs (Tablet), Banadique, Humool, Fizija, Fatila, Kaboos, Safoof, KustaBurud, Kuhal, Ghaza, etc

Forms of semi-solid (viscus) drugs: Majoon, Itrifal, Nausdaroo, Jawarish, labbob, Yaqooti, Barshasha, Khamira, Halwa, Lauq, Rub, Harirah, Falloda, Marham, Qarooti, Zumad, Lauq, Lattokh, etc.

Forms of liquid drugs: Sharbat, Shirka, Shrab, Nabeej, Shikanjabeen, Laub, Zulal, Wajoor, Zarroq, Saoot, Tila, Rogan, Gargarah, Joshanda, Khaisanda, etc

Forms of gaseous drugs: Shamoom, Bukharat, Inkabab, Lakhlakha, Nahook, etc

Description of different forms of drugs:

 Jamid advia (Solid form of drugs):

1.      Safoof (Powder): powder is one of the oldest, simplest, and most conventional forms of drugs. it is a dry substance composed of finely divided particles of drug substances that may be used as the basis of many other dosage forms of drugs such as pills, tablets, majoon, etc. A drug in powder form is intended for internal or external use. It is typically obtained by crushing, grinding, or comminuting. Generally, powders are more stable than liquid dosage forms and are rapidly soluble, enabling the drug to be absorbed quickly. Safoof (Powder) is classified based on particle size, therapeutic use, and mode of application.

Based on particle size powder forms of drugs are classified into the following groups:

a. Very coarse (No. 8) powder: If all particles of powder pass through a No. 8 sieve (2.38 mm) and not more than 20% pass through a No. 60 sieve then it is a very coarse powder.

b. Coarse (No. 20) powder: If all particles of powder pass through a No. 20 sieve (0.84 mm) and not more than 40% pass through a No. 60 sieve then it is a coarse powder.

c. Moderately coarse (No. 40) powder: If all particles of powder pass through a No. 40 sieve (0.42 mm) and not more than 40 % pass through a No. 80 sieve then it is a moderately coarse powder.

d. Fine (No. 60) powder: If all particles of powder pass through a No. 60 sieve (0.25 mm) and not more than 40% pass through a No. 100 sieve then it is a fine powder.

e. Very fine (No. 80) powder: If all particles of powder pass through a No. 80 sieve (0.18 mm). There is no limit to greater fineness then it is a very fine powder.

Nomenclature of powder forms of drugs based on therapeutic use:

Sanoon (Tooth Powder): This powder form of the drug is applied on teeth for the purpose of cleaning and treatment of ailment teeth and gums. As sanoon mujalli, which is used to make tooth white, and sanoon pyorrhea to cure bleeding and pus from gums.

Kohl (Kuhl): Finely powdered safoof applied in the eyes with the help of a salaayi/stick. This form is used for cosmetic and eye diseases.

Kajal: It is a black color powder made by concentrating the smoke of drugs. It is used for diseases of the eye, mainly eyelids.

Ghazah (Face Powder): It is a fragrant powder that is applied on the skin of the face for cosmetic purposes and to treat the disease of the face.

Ghaliya (Perfumed Powder): Fragrant powders externally applied on the whole body mainly for cosmetic purposes.

Mazoogh (Masticator): This powder form of the drug is chewed to induce mucus secretions in the mouth. It is also used to produce a local anesthetic effect on the gums and teeth. Ex: Mazoogh-e-aqarqarha.

Nafookh (Insufflation): Very fine powder puffed directly or through a pipe in the nose.

Nomenclature of powder forms of drugs based on therapeutic property:

Atoos (Irrhine): Very fine powder form of drug, that causes sneezing on smell. Eg. powder of Nakchhikni.

Burud: This powder form of the drug is used to produce a cooling effect on the eyes. In these combinations, Mentha is added with other drugs.

Nomenclature of powder forms of drugs based on the mode of application:

Zaroor (Dusting Powder): Finely powdered drug applied on wounds and ulcers. Ex: zaroor-e-qula.

2.      Qurs (Tablet): It is a discoid or triangular shape solid unit doses form of medicine generally intended for the oral route of administration. These are made by compressing granules or powder blends or by molding along with various excipients. Generally, inert substances are used as excipients. It is in various sizes, shapes, weights, hardness, thickness, coating, disintegration, and dissolution properties. Sometimes tablets are grooved to break into two halves. The tablet has an advantage over pills and capsules because it can be split. Tablets can be coated with other substances to objectionable tastes or order, increase aesthetic appeal, increase stability, and modify the release of therapeutic agents. Eg. Sugar Coated tablets, Film-coated tablets, horn-coated tablets, etc.

3.      Habb (pill): It is named habb based on its shape (plural haboob). One or more single drugs are combined for solid unit doses form of medicine generally intended for the oral route of administration. Its process of manufacture and coating are similar to tablets. It varies in size and weight because of unit dose and mode of administration. It may be up to 6gm of weight.  Eg. habb-e-shifa, habb-e-paan, habb-e Kabid Naushadri.

Bandaqa: It is a habb that is the size of a Bandaq (reet). 

4.      Capsule: It is a small case or container with powder or semisolid medicine inside. It is round and cylindrical, like a small cylindrical taweez. It is also a unit dose form of medicine generally intended for the oral route of administration but powder for external application can also be filled in it.

5.      Kes (Sachet):  It is a small bag or packet containing a unit dose of drugs. Drugs used as joshanda can be kept in a sachet.

6.      Ubtana: These are of dough (lubdi) type, which removes dirt and enhances the radiance of the skin. Fragrant substances are also added in their preparation. Bath may be taken after its application.

7.      Norah (Hair remover): These drugs are used to remove hair. These are in form of powder, paste, and liquid. Lime is used as the chief ingredient in them.

8.      Shiyaaf (Suppository): These drugs are in the shape of cones or coils (batti). These cones or coils are applied by rubbing at the time of use. Usually, they are purely made of drugs and used in diseases of the eye, rectum, wounds, etc. Ex: shiyaf-e-abyaz, shiyaf-e-ahmar, shiyaf-e-shabyamani etc. The shiyaf used to induce defecation is placed in the anus (miq’ad). The shiyaf placed in Nasoor (deep wounds) is broken into small pieces before placing so that the drug can act for a longer duration.

9.      Farzaja (Tampons Vaginal suppository): This form of the drug is applied by dusting on a roll of cotton or cloth, which reaches the neck of the uterus. This is used in the disease of female genital organs.

10.  Murabba or Pervarda: Seasonal fruits are preserved by this method. The fruits are cut into pieces and socked in quaam honey or sugar. This process not only retains the medicinal properties of fruits but also makes them palatable. Ex: Murabba-e-amla, Murabba-e-halela, Murabba-e-adrak.etc.

11.  Rub (Extract): Dried extracts of herbal drugs are called Rub. Example, Rub Behi, Rub Anar, Rasaut, Aloe, etc